Race, Gender, And Age Of Criminal Sentencing The...

Dating back to several hundreds of years ago, people have always been discriminated against. In today’s society, one might think that discrimination is outdated, however, it happens more than a person might think. Stemming back from how a person was raised to what type of social situations they have been immersed in can result in some sort of discrimination or bias. Three physical characteristics are often times the root cause of most discrimination, race, gender, and age. In a research paper titled â€Å"The Interaction of Race, Gender, and Age in Criminal Sentencing: The Punishment Cost of Being Young, Black, and Male† three university researchers ask a series of question to determine if race, gender, and age have an effect on judicial sentencing, and how â€Å"these factors might contextualize on another†. The authors look at previous research to help in aiding what questions would be appropriate to ask for this study. They cite a number of different sources to help them achieve their goal of finding an answer to their questions. Previous research has revealed that many of the common physical characteristics that tend to be discriminated most have all been studied independently. The authors examine what types of studies have been conducted in the past to help them gage where they need to focus their research on. The authors have discovered that prior research has typically ignored how race, gender, and age influences sentencing decisions of criminal defendants. The authorsShow MoreRelatedRacial and Ethnic Disparity and Criminal Justice3054 Words   |  12 PagesRacial and Ethnic Disparity and Criminal Justice: How much is too much? In this article, Robert, April, and Jorge (2010) acknowledges previous research reports on this topic and reveals that race, and racial patterns have found their way in involvement of crime. However, Robert, April, and Jorge (2010) argue that there is no significant proof that there are meaningful racial disparities in the legal systems. Although some literatures provide research on the existence of racial profiling by policeRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System Operates At Various Levels Throughout The United States3446 Words   |  14 PagesThe criminal justice system operates at various levels throughout the United States (US): the federal, state, and local governments combine to perform different tasks in order to properly enforce the law throughout the US. The judicial branch of the US contains the courts system, which enforces the law by punishing those who have committed illegal acts. The act by which a court executes its power and punishes somebody with some sort of consequen ce is referred to as a sentence (Greene, 2011, p.1)Read MoreThe Death Penalty And The Black Man1624 Words   |  7 Pageskills any reasonable creature in being and under the king s peace, with malice aforethought, either express or implied† Take 4 different cases: a white women, black women, a white man, and a white man. Now just looking at the race and gender, which of these would you expect to get either the death penalty or life in prison? You might think, women could get life in prison, possibly with a chance for parole, and the white man could get the death penalty, and the black man, life in prison. That’s what’sRead MoreIn Society, When Concerning Jobs And Careers There Are1729 Words   |  7 Pageswhen concerning jobs and careers there are two things that comes to mind, salary and gender; salary and gender plays a major part of one’s occupational choice. One may believe this concept considering that men generally make more money than women; in fa ct, it is a proven statistic. It is also said that the pay difference is based upon where one chooses to work, but it is also some opinions that even if both genders have the same education and qualifications for a job position; the male is more likelyRead MoreDiscriminating in Sentencing3195 Words   |  13 PagesDiscriminating in sentencing is an issue that needs to be fixed. A person could be discriminated against because of their age, sex, or race. It could work out in their favor or hurt them tremendously. The most common type of discrimination is due to race. It’s sad but I don’t think we will ever live in a world when people aren’t getting treated differently. There is a lot of data that proves people get different sentences for the same crimes. The reason they received a different sentence is becauseRead MoreEssay on The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison12486 Words   |  50 PagesAmerican University or the same criminal behavior, the poor are more likely to be arrested; if arrested, they are more likely to be charged; if charged, more likely to be convicted; if convicted, more likely to be sentenced to prison; and if sentenced, more likely to be given longer prison terms than members of the middle and upper classes.1 In other words, the image of the criminal population one sees in our nation’s jails and prisons is distorted by the shape of the criminal justice system itself. ItRead MoreThe Death Penalty and Juveniles2945 Words   |  12 PagesJuveniles In the United States, the death penalty is an issue because of its controversies. Some people see it as a punishment. Some people say â€Å"an eye for an eye,† and believe this is the way to stop youth offenders from following the path of crimes such as murders. This does not only pertain to the youth but also to the adults. Others believe the death penalty to be cruel and unusual punishment even for the adults. In the law, juveniles are no different when considering the death penalty. These peopleRead MoreThe High Incarceration Rate Of Juveniles1748 Words   |  7 Pages the predominant strategy for treatment and punishments of serious and sometimes not-so-serious juveniles offenders in the US has been placement into large juvenile corrections institutions† (Mendel, 2013, p.4). During the 18th and early 19th century, the judicial system harshly reprimanded youth and confined them in overcrowded penitentiary institutions with populations of adult offenders and the seve rely mentally ill (Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice, 2014). Federal level policy protectionRead MoreCriminal Justice Final Exam2621 Words   |  11 PagesQuestion two: To begin with, criminal justice is a system that is designed to maintain social control, which means it is a necessary aspect of every society since â€Å"Laws are the conditions under which independent and isolated men united to form a society† (Beccaria, 1764: 16). In order words, crime control deals with the methods that are taken by a society to reduce its crime. As a matter of fact, there are various crime control strategies from community policing to risk assessments. In additionRead MoreJuvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act6750 Words   |  27 Pagesoriginal enactment of the JJDPA in 1974, the periodic reauthorizations have been controversial, as the Acts opponents have sought to weaken its protections for youth, reduce prevention resources, and encourage the transfer of youth to the adult criminal justice system. The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act follow a series of federal protections, known as the core protections, on the care and treatme nt of youth in the justice system. The four core protections of the act are, the

What Made Theodore Roosevelt a Great Leader Essay

What made Theodore Roosevelt such a great president and person? Many people aspire to be like him, but he sets a high bar for humanity. He is in many peoples opinions one of the greatest presidents of the United States, so incredible that his face is set in stone and will be for hundreds of years in the future. Theodore Roosevelt, Junior was born on October 27, 1858. His father was Theodore, Roosevelt, Senior and his mother was Martha Stewart Bulloch. He lived in New York City in a section that is called today, Gramercy. Theodore had an older sister, a younger brother, and a younger sister. When young Roosevelt was often sick, he had to sleep propped up in a or slouching in a chair. Theodore boxed and exercised to fight his†¦show more content†¦The Lincoln Principle, If you never try, youll never succeed, applies greatly to Theodore Roosevelt. If he had not tried to change America many things would be different even now. He regulated businesses more so that they di dnt become as powerful as they were becoming. He wanted to change things so he did. If he had not pushed to have the Panama Canal finished it probably would have taken much longer and more people may have died in the making of the Canal from going slower and more mosquitos and such insects are able to suck the blood from people. This puts them at a higher risk to get diseases transmitted by the insects. Remember that the best leaders never stop learning also applies to Roosevelt. He knew that he had to learn from his advisors as well as the American people and had to listen to what they wanted as well. He learned from people wherever he went. Because he was a fan of Progressionism he knew that to go forward he had to listen to more than just what he thought, and that he couldnt be stubborn. Roosevelt would try to not make mistakes when speaking publicly. Roosevelt could not afford to be a bad speaker as then it would reflect badly on the United States Government and the Peop les choice of the best possible candidate for president. People would listen to his words, he knew if he said the wrong thing it couldShow MoreRelatedAndrew Jackson And Theadore Roosevelt Essay1169 Words   |  5 PagesAndrew Jackson and Theodore Roosevelt were two men with very many things in common. They both were Presidents in the United States of America at some point in time. They each have served many years as some sort of governor with Jackson being the military governor of Florida and Roosevelt being the governor of New York. Roosevelt and Jackson were major influences towards this country. But even with those similarities between them they were two men with differences. One was a big military man whileRead MoreTheodore Roosevelt : A Leader Of This Great Nation1666 Words   |  7 PagesForty-three men have served the United States as the leader of this great nation. This responsibility is not an easy one. In the late 1920s, Mount Rushmore was being planned and the archite ct decided to include four of the forty-three presidents, then 30 to select from, that have served the United States: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln. It is clear why George Washington, as the first president, Thomas Jefferson, as third president and author of the DeclarationRead MoreTheodore Roosevelt, Jr.975 Words   |  4 PagesIsaac Ramirez Mrs. Christian 6th period November 17, 2014 Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. â€Å"It is hard to fail, but it is worse never to have tried to succeed.† (TheodoreRoosevelt.BrainyQuote.com. Xplore Inc, 2014. 17 November2014.http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/t/theodorero103482.html ) The reason why this quote relates to what he did is he did not stop and quit , although the catastrophes . He still managed to keep going and it is saying that its easier to at leastRead MoreEssay on President Theodore Roosevelt1062 Words   |  5 PagesPresident Theodore Roosevelt was the outmost incredible president of our nation. He cared about every aspect of our country. He was remarkable, brilliant, and strong. He brought something different to the table of the presidential legacy. His personality, however was like no other, he was an impossible act to follow. He also was impetuous and did not hesitate to work around the regulations to get what he wanted. With the assassination of President McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt stepped up to becomeRead MoreTeddy Roosevelt And The Development Of The National Parks1353 Words   |  6 Pages Teddy Roosevelt and the development of the National Parks 11/30/2014 Nicholas Wittkopp He was the youngest candidate to become president. He was the leader of the progressive movement. He was our twenty sixth president, he served from 09/14/1901 to 03/4/1909. He was a writer of thirty five books. He was New York s thirty third governor. He was a naturalist. He was a war hero in the Spanish-American War. He was a member of rough riders. He trust busted forty corporations. He made pure food andRead More Theodore Roosevelt Essay1657 Words   |  7 PagesTheodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt was a strong leader and ruled with an iron fist as a president. He conquered the frontier and went on to conquer other countries as well. Roosevelt was a born leader. During his childhood he overcame his sickness by exercising and participating in outdoor activities. After Theodore graduated from Harvard he went straight into politics. He began his career as the president of the New York Board of Police Commissioners. Later Roosevelt continued his careerRead MoreTheodore Roosevelt . Introduction To The Life Of Theodore1574 Words   |  7 PagesTHEODORE ROOSEVELT Introduction to the Life of Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt was born October 27, 1858 in New York City to Theodore Roosevelt Sr. and Martha Bulloch. Theodore was also known as Teedie or Teddy. Due to his continuing battle with health issues, which started at birth, Roosevelt was homeschooled along with his siblings. The family house also had a gymnasium where he lifted weights and boxed to help him gain strength. Despite what appeared to be a sickly and weak child, RooseveltRead MoreTheodore Roosevelt s Views On The Black Man895 Words   |  4 PagesTheodore Roosevelt is many things; a soldier, nature lover, politician, and author.After watching the videos on Theodore Roosevelt, I found it intriguing on how he was one of the only few presidents to have ever received the Medal of Honor and the Nobel Prize during his lifetime. During which, he had written 35 books and was able to communicate in 6 different languages. Even for a multi-linguist like myself, having the ability to communicate and to maintain the level of knowled ge and comprehensionRead MoreMilitary History / Book Review The Rough Riders Essay1361 Words   |  6 Pagesgiven to the first U. S Volunteer Cavalry during 1898. Before becoming President of the United States Theodore Roosevelt leader the Cavalry along with Colonel Leonard Wood as second in command. The Rough Riders were part of the Spanish-American war; Battle of the Guasmas, Battle of San Jun Hill and Seige of Santiago. Roosevelt goes into details about his journey to Cuba in this book. Theodore Roosevelt was assistant secretary of the Navy and reassigned in 1898 to make the Rough Riders. As for LeonardRead MoreThe Presidency Of The United States1401 Words   |  6 Pagesnineteenth century presidents, such as Abraham Lincoln, wielded great power and significantly influenced the future of the United States, many were really just caretakers eclipsed in prominence by various industrialists and robber barons. The modern American presidency was actually the creation of Theodore and Franklin Roosevelt who by different means expanded and strengthened the office of the President of the United States. The Roosevelt family revolutionized how the United States operated and functioned

Leadership and its Impacts on Organization Performance

Question: Write an essay on "Leadership and its Impacts on Organizational Performance". Answer: Introduction Leadership is the process of influencing, motivating and driving other people towards ones predetermined goals, objectives and aims. However for a leader to do this he has to have the ability to persuade and channel the determination and commitment of his/her subordinates towards realizing their maximum effort and production in an organization (Ngambi ,2010), Jeremy et al.(2012). Therefore a leader is a person who is able to inspire direct and motivate his/her employees or subordinates into achieving certain common set goals. Leaders are said to be people with some special skills either born with (innate traits) or acquired through education. These traits or qualities are the ones used to differentiate between leaders and non-leaders (mahoney et al., 1960). Even with leaders having different traits or qualities, they always have the same goals i.e maximizing profit from production of products or services by using the resources available in the organization. Nevertheless, leaders seem to choose different ways or styles of leading based on what they term as important to their organization. Studies have shown that the best style to do it is using the democratic or participatory style whereby even the employees are included in the decision making of the organization compared to the dictatorship style where only the leader (manager) makes the decisions ( Likert, 1961). An organizations performance is influenced by the performance of its leader(s) (manager) and that of its employees. A leaders performance is dependent on his/her leadership a quality while that of an employee is determined by their skills, experience, hard work and determination. According to Jeremy et al., 2011, the relationship between leaders and employees (which is influenced by leadership style adopted by the leader) is very vital in achieving the organizations objectives. The leadership style chosen by the organizations leader affects the interests, determination and performance of the employees in the organization (Obiwuru et al,. 2011). To increase an organizations performance, the leader should be in a position to influence innovation, productivity and stimulate the employees to improve their personal productivity. Also they should be able to be optimists always, positive, encourage team work; goal oriented and set high expectations for the organization (Burns, 1978). Since the main aim of every organization is to maximize profits from its production then it means that the leaders should be effective and efficient in their work of mobilizing the employees in their work to achieve that (profit maximization). Problem Statement With leadership being important for an organizations performance it also has its impacts or effects. Impacts are the results of an action carried out by an individual or organization with an aim of solving a certain identified problem. They can be either positive or negative impacts. Generally, leadership performance is directly linked to any organizations performance. Increased productivity and performance of any organization is associated with good, effective and efficient leadership skills and performance (Nicholls, 1998; Simms, 1997). This means that if leadership is negatively affected by any factor either positively or negatively organizations performance is affected too. Leadership is affected by either internal factors e.g organizational structure or external (environmental) factors e.g state of the countrys economy and position of the organization within its industry. However, the empirical studies about the relationships between leadership performance and organizational per formance are hard to find currently (Quick, 1992). Some studies have shown that leadership is very vital in increasing an organizations performance and others have argued that it is not the most important element for an organizations good performance. This makes leadership to have contradictory roles and therefore brings out the need for its study and that of its impacts on an organizations performance. Other studies which address the links between leadership and performance coincide with the emergence of one of the best said ways of leading which is called transformational leadership (Bass and Avolio, 1993). A number of researchers have argued that transformational leadership is directly linked to organizational performance (Howell and Avolio, 1993). According to Nicholls, 1988; Quick, 1992;, transformational leaders have got visionary and inspirational skills which they use to motivate their sub-ordinates into improving their personal performance therefore the performance of the organization. To summarize this, most of the studies are based on the advantages of leadership towards organizational performance ignoring its disadvantages. This inconclusive information therefore brings out the need to do more research on the impacts (positive and negative) of leadership on any organizations performance. Reaserch Aims and Objectives The main aim of this project is to understand the concept of leadership and analyze its impacts (both positive and negative) on the performance of any organization. Specifically, this research project aims at achieving the following objectives: To identify and study the links between leadership and organizational performance. To identify the impacts of leadership on organizational performance. To analyze the impacts of leadership on organizational performance. Research Questions The following research questions are to be used to guide the study: What is the link between leadership and organization performance? What are the impacts that are caused by leadership on organizational performance? What are the solutions to those impacts that are caused by leadership on organizational performance? Justification of the Research Project Leadership is a vital management skill, which involves the ability of one person to encourage a group of people towards achieving a common goal. It focuses on the employees or subordinates development, needs and the firms production. According to Michael, 2011;, leadership has got direct cause and effect on any organizations performance and success. When leaders change their style of leadership i.e policy making ways, culture, values, way of motivating their employees then the organizational performance is likely to change too. Most employees prefer the presence of a specific leader than others who prefer to lead themselves (Berkowitz, 1953). Although leaders are needed to increase performance of an organization, the people filling these positions may not be perfect for them so they become a source of relaxation for the employees. However, most employees appreciate the availability of these leaders and are in a position to even get some advice from them (Stewart and Manz, 1995). Some organizations have poor performance because of poor leadership while others have succeeded in their performance because of the good leadership applied in their operation. Leadership is usually faced by two factors i.e corporate (internal) and environmental factors. These two factors influence the application, practice, running and implementation of leadership skills in an organization to improve its performance. They both can affect an organizations performance either negatively or positively. This shows that not only the concept of effective and efficient leadership skills have an impact on an organizations performance but also whatever other factor that comes in between the two of them. For this reason there is the need to conduct this research project in order to find out how leadership is related with organizational performance and the impacts or effects that it causes towards organizational performance i.e either to increase or decrease organizational performance. Potential Outputs and Outcome of the Research This research will be able to help one understand the concept of leadership and how it is related with the performance of any organization. The inputs of this study will help the researcher identify and to study in length the impacts or effects brought about by leadership on an organizations performance. This will be achieved from the responses that will be provided by different organizations and leaders (managers) who will have the chance to be questioned. It will also help the researcher in doing the analysis of the impacts and to formulate the solutions to the negative ones. This research will help identify the organizations with good performance and good leadership and even those with poor performance and poor leadership. The researcher will be in a position to know how leadership has contributed to the performance of those organizations and their way forward. The research objectives and questions mentioned earlier in the proposal will be answered from the data that will be collected for the research. This research output will help the researcher in completion of the course work in their academics and it will be used also by other people/researchers who have the desire to know more about leadership and its impacts on organizational performance. Importance of the Study This research study is important to the researcher because of the following reasons: The researcher will be able to understand the concept of leadership and organizational performance in general terms. The researcher will also be able to know and understand the relationship between leadership and organizational performance. The researcher will be able to identify the causes and effects of leadership to organizational performance. Refferences Bass B M . (1997). Transformational Leadership: Industry, military and educational impact. Mahwah N J and Lawrence Associates. Bass B M. (1985). Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectation. Free Press. Bass B M, Avolio B J. (1993). Transforming Leadership and Organisational Culture. Public Administration Quarterly, pp. 112-117. Boehnke K, Bontis N, Distefano J, Distefano A. (2003). Transformational Leadership: An examination of cross-national differences and similarities. Leadership and Organisational Development Journal, 5-17. Burke W, Litwin G. (1992). A Causal Model of Organisation Performance and Change. Journal of Mnagement (JofM), 523-545. Cacioppe R. (1998). An Intergrated Model for Design and Effective Leadership Development Programs. Leadership and Organisation Development Journal, 19, 44-53. House R J, Aditya R N. (1997). The Social Scientific Study of Leadership. Journal of Management, 409-473. Koontz H, Donnel C. (1993). Introduction to Management. New York: MccGraw Hill Inc. Kurt, L., Ronald, L., Ralph, W. (1939). Patterns of Aggressive Behaviour in Experimentally Created Social Climates. Journal of Social Psychology, 271-301. Lee, Chuang. (1993). The impact of leadership styles on job stress and turnover intention. Retrieved from hclee@ttu.edu.tw Lester, S., Brower, H. (2003). In the Eyes if the Beholder: The relationship between subordinates felt trustworthness and their work attitudes and behaviours. Journal of Leadership and Organisational Studies Fall, 17-33.

The Ethics of Active Euthanasia

One of the most difficult ethical issues faced by scholars, medical professionals as well as philosophers is that of euthanasia. Whichever position one takes, controversies always appear.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Ethics of Active Euthanasia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More All the ethical theories that have been advanced in support of active euthanasia practice have not been exhaustive in their explanations (Shafer-Landau, 2012). Euthanasia has always been described as the voluntary termination of an individual’s life due to the incapacity of the body to continue with its normal functions. To some, this voluntary termination of life is killing an innocent person while to others it is the right thing to do (Shafer-Landau, 2012). Both positions have all the arguments against and those that are in support of active euthanasia. Nevertheless, the argument that if a deed props up the superlative welfa re of every person who is deemed apprehensive and infringes nobody’s constitutional or civil rights, then that act should be perceived to be ethically all right. This argument materializes to be rather strong in comparison to supplementary euthanasia arguments premises. This premise seems to be universal and take into consideration the rights of the patient. It also draws on the natural, legal and ethical perspectives (Geirsson et al., 2010). This premise is also supported by the fact that it takes a more neutral position. In support of the euthanasia action, the argument is that there are circumstances when the rule of natural life can be violated. That is, when the end is justified by the means (Shafer-Landau, 2012).Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In as much as it would appear morally wrong to terminate an individual’s life, it would also be morally wrong to live one to suffer (Geirsson et al., 2010). Though neutral, this premise largely draws on the utilitarianism theory. The perspective weighs the effects of the two causes of action. This encompasses either helping someone to die or to live. In other words, it argues in support of the right cause of action (Geirsson et al., 2010). That is, doing just the right thing. Those in support of this premise take the position that active euthanasia promotes the best interest of all people concerned and thus it does not violates any persons rights (Geirsson et al., 2010). As a result, active euthanasia ought to be perceived to be ethically all right. On the other hand, the natural premise appears to be the weakest of all the arguments that have been put forward. To be precise, if it is natural, it is right while if it is unnatural, it is wrong. This premise is weak because it draws on only the natural theory of the sanctity of life. It does not take into consideration the will of the patient. That natural law draws from the religious and biblical support for the sanctity of life (Paterson, 2001). That nobody but only God has the right to terminate life. In essence, it promotes the moral absolutes with the basic principles of life that can never be broken in spite of the situation (Paterson, 2001). The theoretical guideline this presumption is in contention with is the fortification as well as the perpetuation of life. All moral, legal and ethical rules of not killing an innocent person majorly draw on this precept. In this sense, euthanasia always appears to be naturally wrong. The same principle outlaws killing oneself in as much as the patient would wish to be brought to death.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Ethics of Active Euthanasia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Basically, this precept argues that Active euthanasia is unnatural (Geirsson et al., 2010). Therefore, euthanasia is wrong. Whereas this pre cept does not provide support to the active euthanasia, it still offers the window for opportunity for those actions whose main aims are to relieve pain even though such measures may lead to fatality (Paterson, 2001). References Geirsson, H., Holmgren, M. Margaret, R. (2010). Ethical theory: A concise anthology. Calgary, Toronto: Broadview Press Paterson, C. (2001). The contribution of natural law theory to moral and legal debate concerning suicide, assisted suicide, and voluntary euthanasia. Los Angeles, California: Viewforth Shafer-Landau, R. (2012). Ethical theory. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. This essay on The Ethics of Active Euthanasia was written and submitted by user Richard Morton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.